[청랑 킬러문항] 2025 수능 영어 빈칸 문제 #44

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지문)

In the early stages of scientific revolution, new theories typically face fierce resistance not because they lack empirical support, but because they disrupt established ways of seeing the world. The incumbent framework has become so deeply embedded in institutional practices, educational curricula, and professional identities that evidence alone rarely suffices to overthrow it. Instead, acceptance usually requires a generational shift: older practitioners who built their careers on the previous paradigm gradually retire, while newcomers socialized into the new perspective assume positions of influence. This pattern suggests that scientific progress is not a purely rational process of hypothesis testing and verification, but a complex social phenomenon where cognitive and institutional factors interact. However, this sociological account should not be misread as relativistic. While the timing and manner of theoretical transitions may depend on social dynamics, the new frameworks that eventually prevail typically do offer genuine explanatory advantages over their predecessors. They resolve anomalies that troubled the old system, make accurate predictions about previously unexplored domains, or unify seemingly disparate observations under elegant principles. The vindication comes not through immediate consensus but through long-term empirical fertility. What initially appears as stubborn resistance to superior ideas often reflects a reasonable skepticism about revolutionary claims that, if wrong, could undermine decades of accumulated knowledge. Therefore, the most accurate characterization of scientific change is that _____________________.

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Vocabulary

empirical	ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl	경험적인, 실증적인
incumbent	ɪnˈkʌmbənt	기존의, 현행의
consensus	kənˈsɛnsəs	합의
fertility	fərˈtɪlətɪ	(이론의) 생산성, 유용성
stubborn	stʌbərn	완고한
skepticism	stʌbərn	회의주의

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문제) What best completes the blank?

① it proceeds through pure logical reasoning independent of social influence
② it combines rational evaluation with social processes, where superior theories eventually triumph through long-term empirical success 
③ it reflects an inevitable progression toward absolute truth through data accumulation
④ it depends entirely on power struggles between competing academic institutions
⑤ it follows predictable cycles that repeat the same theoretical patterns across different fields

 

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[청랑 킬러문항] 2025 수능 영어 빈칸 문제 #43